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Curriculum lobby
0s60 min Loop60 min★ 240 XP
Syllabus

Network Security Essentials

Networking Fundamentals for SecurityOSI Model Deep Dive (Layers 1–7) & Security RelevanceTCP/IP Suite Architecture (Link, Internet, Transport, Application)Key Protocols: ARP, IP, ICMP, TCP, UDP, DNS, HTTP/HTTPSIPv4 vs. IPv6 Security ImplicationsNetwork Addressing, Subnetting, and CIDR (Security Zoning Perspective)
TCP/IP Vulnerabilities & AttacksTCP Attacks (SYN Flood, Session Hijacking, Sequence Prediction)UDP Attacks (UDP Flood, Port Scan Evasion)IP Spoofing & Source Routing ExploitsARP Spoofing / ARP Poisoning (Man-in-the-Middle)ICMP Attacks (Ping of Death, Smurf, Tunneling)DNS Attacks (Cache Poisoning, DNS Spoofing, and Tunneling)Layer 2 Attacks (MAC Flooding, CAM Table Overflow, STP Manipulation)Sniffing & Eavesdropping (Promiscuous Mode, Wireshark Countermeasures)
Firewalls – First Line of DefenseFirewall Types: Packet Filtering (Stateless) vs. Stateful InspectionNext-Generation Firewalls (NGFW): Application Awareness, IPS IntegrationFirewall Rule Structure (Source, Destination, Port, Action)Default-Deny vs. Default-Permit PoliciesImplementing Firewall Zones (WAN, LAN, DMZ)Network Address Translation (NAT) Security Benefits & LimitationsOpen-Source Firewalls (iptables, nftables, pfSense, and OPNsense)Enterprise Firewalls (Cisco, Palo Alto, and Fortinet Concepts)
Intrusion Detection & Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS)IDS vs. IPS vs. HIDS vs. NIDSSignature-Based vs. Anomaly-Based vs. Policy-Based DetectionSnort Fundamentals (Rules, Preprocessors, and Output Plugins)Suricata (Multi-threading, Protocol Analysis, and TLS Fingerprinting)Zeek (formerly Bro) for Network Analysis and Metadata LoggingWriting Custom IDS Rules (Detecting Scanning and Suspicious Activity)Evasion Techniques (Fragmentation, Encryption, and Polymorphism)IDS/IPS Placement (In-Line vs. Passive, SPAN Ports vs. TAPs)
VPNs – Secure Remote ConnectivityVPN Purpose & Use Cases (Remote Access vs. Site-to-Site)Tunneling Protocols: PPTP (Insecure), L2TP/IPsec, OpenVPN, WireGuardIPsec Deep Dive (AH vs. ESP, Transport vs. Tunnel Mode, IKE Phases)SSL/TLS VPNs (Browser-Based vs. Full Tunnel)WireGuard Architecture (Simpler, Faster, Modern Crypto)VPN Split Tunneling vs. Full Tunneling (Security Trade-offs)Common VPN Misconfigurations & Leak Testing (DNS, WebRTC, IPv6)Enterprise VPN Solutions (Cisco AnyConnect, Pulse Secure, FortiClient)
Network Segmentation & ZoningWhy Segment? (Breach Containment, Performance, Compliance)VLANs (Tagged/Untagged, VLAN Hopping Attacks)DMZ Design (Single-Homed, Dual-Homed, Multi-Tier)Microsegmentation (Software-Defined Networking, Zero Trust)Internal Network Segmentation (Corporate vs. Production vs. Guest)Jump Boxes / Bastion Hosts for Administrative AccessAir-Gapped Networks & Data Diode ConceptsSegmenting Cloud VPCs (AWS Security Groups, Azure NSGs)
Network Hardening & Best PracticesDisabling Unnecessary Ports & ServicesHardening Router & Switch Configurations (SSH v2, Disable Telnet)Port Security (MAC Limiting, Sticky MAC, 802.1X)DHCP Snooping, Dynamic ARP Inspection (DAI), IP Source GuardControl Plane Policing (CoPP) & Management Plane ProtectionLogging & Monitoring (Syslog, NetFlow, IPFIX, sFlow)Nmap for Internal Auditing & Verification
Secure Network Design & ArchitectureDefense-in-Depth for NetworksZero Trust Network Access (ZTNA) vs. Traditional VPNSecure Access Service Edge (SASE) FrameworkRedundancy & High Availability (Failover Clusters, Load Balancers)Network Segmentation for Compliance (PCI DSS, HIPAA, NIST 800-171)
Real-World Network Attacks & DefensesRansomware Lateral Movement (How Segmentation Stops It)DNS Tunneling Detection & PreventionInternal Reconnaissance Defense (Honeypots, Canary Tokens)Case Study: SolarWinds & Network Detection Gaps
Hands-On LabsConfiguring iptables Rules for a Linux GatewaySetting Up Snort/Suricata & Alerting on ScansBuilding an L2TP/IPsec VPN (StrongSwan or LibreSwan)VLAN Segmentation Practice (Cisco Packet Tracer / EVE-NG)ARP Spoofing Detection & Prevention ExerciseFirewall Rule Audit & Optimization Project
network-security-essentials / building-l2tp-ipsec-vpn

Building an L2TP/IPsec VPN (StrongSwan or LibreSwan)

#Lab: Configuring an Enterprise Site-to-Site VPN#link

In this lab, you will use StrongSwan on Linux to establish a secure Site-to-Site IPsec tunnel between two simulated branch offices, utilizing Pre-Shared Keys (PSK) for Phase 1 authentication and ESP for data encryption.

Step 1: Defining the IPsec Configuration (ipsec.conf)

The ipsec.conf file defines the connection parameters, including the local and remote gateways, the subnets to be protected (leftsubnet/rightsubnet), and the authentication method.

info

💡 Pro-tip: Use auto=start in the connection definition to ensure StrongSwan automatically attempts to bring up the tunnel immediately upon service startup or failure.

Starting the StrongSwan Daemon
root@vulnarex:~#ipsec start --nofork

This command initializes the IPsec daemon in the foreground, allowing you to see real-time logging of the IKE negotiation phases.

Step 2: Verifying the Security Associations (SAs)

Once the tunnel is established, you must verify that both Phase 1 (IKE SA) and Phase 2 (IPsec SA) are active and that traffic is flowing through the encrypted tunnel.

STRICT SECURE AUDIT RULE

⚠️ If Phase 1 succeeds but Phase 2 fails, the issue is almost always a mismatch in the 'subnets' definition or the 'Proposal' (encryption algorithms) between the two peers.

PhaseProtocolFunction
Phase 1IKEAuthenticates peers / Secure channel
Phase 2ESPEncrypts actual data payload
Statusipsec statusVerifies active SAs
  • ▪Configure ipsec.conf and secrets
  • ▪Start the IPsec daemon
  • ▪Verify Phase 1 and 2 SAs
  • ▪Test connectivity via ping
  • ▪Capture traffic to verify ESP encryption
quiz BLOCK (★ 50 XP)

What does it mean if ipsec status shows an IKE_SA is established, but no CHILD_SA exists?

Select your proof vectors above

Verification Proof Checkpoint

Verify exercises to earn ★ 240 XP and unlock next lab level.

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Lab Notes

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Checkpoints
Lab: Configuring an Enterprise Site-to-Site VPN
Laboratory Sanity Code

Isolate active probes on matched virtual networks. Keep execution streams fully sandboxed.