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Curriculum lobby
0s50 min Loop50 min★ 250 XP
Syllabus

Network Security Essentials

Networking Fundamentals for SecurityOSI Model Deep Dive (Layers 1–7) & Security RelevanceTCP/IP Suite Architecture (Link, Internet, Transport, Application)Key Protocols: ARP, IP, ICMP, TCP, UDP, DNS, HTTP/HTTPSIPv4 vs. IPv6 Security ImplicationsNetwork Addressing, Subnetting, and CIDR (Security Zoning Perspective)
TCP/IP Vulnerabilities & AttacksTCP Attacks (SYN Flood, Session Hijacking, Sequence Prediction)UDP Attacks (UDP Flood, Port Scan Evasion)IP Spoofing & Source Routing ExploitsARP Spoofing / ARP Poisoning (Man-in-the-Middle)ICMP Attacks (Ping of Death, Smurf, Tunneling)DNS Attacks (Cache Poisoning, DNS Spoofing, and Tunneling)Layer 2 Attacks (MAC Flooding, CAM Table Overflow, STP Manipulation)Sniffing & Eavesdropping (Promiscuous Mode, Wireshark Countermeasures)
Firewalls – First Line of DefenseFirewall Types: Packet Filtering (Stateless) vs. Stateful InspectionNext-Generation Firewalls (NGFW): Application Awareness, IPS IntegrationFirewall Rule Structure (Source, Destination, Port, Action)Default-Deny vs. Default-Permit PoliciesImplementing Firewall Zones (WAN, LAN, DMZ)Network Address Translation (NAT) Security Benefits & LimitationsOpen-Source Firewalls (iptables, nftables, pfSense, and OPNsense)Enterprise Firewalls (Cisco, Palo Alto, and Fortinet Concepts)
Intrusion Detection & Prevention Systems (IDS/IPS)IDS vs. IPS vs. HIDS vs. NIDSSignature-Based vs. Anomaly-Based vs. Policy-Based DetectionSnort Fundamentals (Rules, Preprocessors, and Output Plugins)Suricata (Multi-threading, Protocol Analysis, and TLS Fingerprinting)Zeek (formerly Bro) for Network Analysis and Metadata LoggingWriting Custom IDS Rules (Detecting Scanning and Suspicious Activity)Evasion Techniques (Fragmentation, Encryption, and Polymorphism)IDS/IPS Placement (In-Line vs. Passive, SPAN Ports vs. TAPs)
VPNs – Secure Remote ConnectivityVPN Purpose & Use Cases (Remote Access vs. Site-to-Site)Tunneling Protocols: PPTP (Insecure), L2TP/IPsec, OpenVPN, WireGuardIPsec Deep Dive (AH vs. ESP, Transport vs. Tunnel Mode, IKE Phases)SSL/TLS VPNs (Browser-Based vs. Full Tunnel)WireGuard Architecture (Simpler, Faster, Modern Crypto)VPN Split Tunneling vs. Full Tunneling (Security Trade-offs)Common VPN Misconfigurations & Leak Testing (DNS, WebRTC, IPv6)Enterprise VPN Solutions (Cisco AnyConnect, Pulse Secure, FortiClient)
Network Segmentation & ZoningWhy Segment? (Breach Containment, Performance, Compliance)VLANs (Tagged/Untagged, VLAN Hopping Attacks)DMZ Design (Single-Homed, Dual-Homed, Multi-Tier)Microsegmentation (Software-Defined Networking, Zero Trust)Internal Network Segmentation (Corporate vs. Production vs. Guest)Jump Boxes / Bastion Hosts for Administrative AccessAir-Gapped Networks & Data Diode ConceptsSegmenting Cloud VPCs (AWS Security Groups, Azure NSGs)
Network Hardening & Best PracticesDisabling Unnecessary Ports & ServicesHardening Router & Switch Configurations (SSH v2, Disable Telnet)Port Security (MAC Limiting, Sticky MAC, 802.1X)DHCP Snooping, Dynamic ARP Inspection (DAI), IP Source GuardControl Plane Policing (CoPP) & Management Plane ProtectionLogging & Monitoring (Syslog, NetFlow, IPFIX, sFlow)Nmap for Internal Auditing & Verification
Secure Network Design & ArchitectureDefense-in-Depth for NetworksZero Trust Network Access (ZTNA) vs. Traditional VPNSecure Access Service Edge (SASE) FrameworkRedundancy & High Availability (Failover Clusters, Load Balancers)Network Segmentation for Compliance (PCI DSS, HIPAA, NIST 800-171)
Real-World Network Attacks & DefensesRansomware Lateral Movement (How Segmentation Stops It)DNS Tunneling Detection & PreventionInternal Reconnaissance Defense (Honeypots, Canary Tokens)Case Study: SolarWinds & Network Detection Gaps
Hands-On LabsConfiguring iptables Rules for a Linux GatewaySetting Up Snort/Suricata & Alerting on ScansBuilding an L2TP/IPsec VPN (StrongSwan or LibreSwan)VLAN Segmentation Practice (Cisco Packet Tracer / EVE-NG)ARP Spoofing Detection & Prevention ExerciseFirewall Rule Audit & Optimization Project
network-security-essentials / network-segmentation-compliance

Network Segmentation for Compliance (PCI DSS, HIPAA, NIST 800-171)

#Segmentation as a Compliance Mandate#link

Regulatory frameworks don't just recommend segmentation; they mandate it. PCI DSS, HIPAA, and NIST require strict isolation of regulated data environments to limit the scope of audits and prevent unauthorized access to sensitive records.

PCI DSS and the Cardholder Data Environment (CDE)

PCI DSS requires the CDE to be strictly segmented from the rest of the corporate network. If the CDE is properly isolated, the scope of the PCI audit is limited to that segment, saving massive amounts of time and money.

info

💡 Pro-tip: Use 'Network Diagrams' and 'Data Flow Diagrams' as the primary artifacts for auditors. If you can't visually prove the segmentation via firewall rules, the auditor will assume the entire network is in scope.

Verifying PCI Zone Isolation
root@vulnarex:~#nmap -Pn -p 1-65535 10.0.50.0/24 --exclude 10.0.50.1

This scan proves that the CDE (10.0.50.0/24) is completely filtered from the scanner's location, demonstrating effective perimeter isolation for the auditor.

HIPAA and NIST 800-171 (CUI)

HIPAA requires isolating ePHI (electronic Protected Health Information). NIST 800-171 mandates protecting Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI) in non-federal systems, requiring strict boundary enforcement and FIPS-validated cryptography.

STRICT SECURE AUDIT RULE

⚠️ 'Flat networks' guarantee compliance failure. If a single user workstation can ping a database containing CUI or ePHI without passing through a documented, inspected firewall rule, you are non-compliant.

FrameworkProtected DataKey Segmentation Req
PCI DSSCredit CardsIsolate CDE from corporate
HIPAAHealth (ePHI)Access controls + Audit logs
NIST 800-171CUIBoundary protection + FIPS 140-2
  • ▪Define the regulated data scope
  • ▪Document all ingress/egress points
  • ▪Enforce strict ACLs at the boundary
  • ▪Maintain continuous compliance monitoring
quiz BLOCK (★ 50 XP)

How does proper network segmentation reduce the cost of a PCI DSS audit?

Select your proof vectors above

Verification Proof Checkpoint

Verify exercises to earn ★ 250 XP and unlock next lab level.

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Checkpoints
Segmentation as a Compliance Mandate
Laboratory Sanity Code

Isolate active probes on matched virtual networks. Keep execution streams fully sandboxed.